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Decision-making under stress A new review based on a research shows that acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages, causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative （负面的） consequences of a decision.The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways.
"Stress affects how people learn," says Professor Mara Mather. "People learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress."
For example, two recent studies looked at how people learned to connect images（影像） with either rewards or punishments. In one experiment, some of the participants were first stressed by having to give a speech and do difficult math problems in front of an audience； in the other, some were stressed by having to keep their hands in ice water. In both cases, the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurately than those who hadn't gone through the stress.
This phenomenon is likely not surprising to anyone who has tried to resist eating cookies or smoking a cigarette while under stress - at those moments, only the pleasure associated with such activities comes to mind. But the findings further suggest that stress may bring about a double effect. Not only are rewarding experiences remembered better, but negative consequences are also easily recalled.
The research also found that stress appears to affect decision-making differently in men and women. While both men and women tend to focus on rewards and less on consequences under stress, their responses to risk turn out to be different.
Men who had been stressed by the cold-water task tended to take more risks in the experiment while women responded in the opposite way. In stressful situations in which risk-taking can pay off big, men may tend to do better, when caution weighs more, however, women will win. This tendency to slow down and become more cautious when decisions are risky might also help explain why women are less likely to become addicted than men： they may more often avoid making the risky choices that eventually harden into addiction.

（1）We can learn from the passage that people under pressure tend to

.
A.keep rewards better in their memory
B.recall consequences more effortlessly
C.make risky decisions more frequently
D.learn a subject more effectively
（2）According to the research, stress affects people most probably in their

.
A.ways of making choices
B.preference for pleasure
C.tolerance of punishments
D.responses to suggestions
（3）The research has proved that in a stressful situation,

.
A.women find it easier to fall into certain habits
B.men have a greater tendency to slow down
C.women focus more on outcomes
D.men are more likely to take risks

更新：2021/07/09 组卷：0 难度：0.50

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Proudly reading my words,I glanced around the room, only to find my classmates bearing big smiles on their faces and tears in their eyes. Confused,I glanced toward my stone-faced teacher. Having no choice, I slowly raised the report I had slaved over, hoping to hide myself. "What could be causing everyone to act this way？"
Quickly,I flashed back to the day Miss Lancelot gave me the task. This was the first real talk I received in my new school. It seemed simple：go on the Internet and find information about a man named George Washington. Since my idea of history came from an ancient teacher in my home country, I had never heard of that name before. As I searched the name of this fellow, it became evident that there were two people bearing the same name who looked completely different! One invented hundreds of uses for peanuts, while the other led some sort of army across America. I stared at the screen, wondering which one my teacher meant. I called my grandfather for a golden piece of advice： flip （掷）a coin. Heads - the commander,and tails - the peanuts guy. Ah! Tails, my report would be about the great man who invented peanut butter,George Washington Carver.
Weeks later, standing before this unfriendly mass,I was totally lost. Oh well,I lowered the paper and sat down at my desk, burning to find out what I had done wrong. As a classmate began his report, it all became clear, "My report is on George Washington, the man who started the American Revolution." The whole world became quite! How could I know that she meant that George Washington？
Obviously,my grade was awful. Heartbroken but fearless,I decided to turn this around. I talked to Miss Lancelot,but she insisted： No re-dos； no new grade. I felt that the punishment was not justified,and I believed I deserved a second chance. Consequently, I threw myself heartily into my work for the rest of the school year. Ten months later,that chance unfolded as I found myself sitting in the headmaster's office with my grandfather, now having an entirely different conversation. I smiled and flashed back to the embarrassing moment at the beginning of the year as the headmaster informed me of my option to skip the sixth grade. Justice is sweet!

（1）What did the author's classmates think about his report？

A.Controversial.
B.Ridiculous.
C.Boring.
D.Puzzling.
（2）Why was the author confused about the task？

A.He was unfamiliar with American history.
B.He followed the advice and flipped a coin.
C.He forgot his teacher's instruction.
D.He was new at the school.
（3）The underlined word "burning" in Paragraph 3 probably means

.
A.annoyed
B.ashamed
C.ready
D.eager
（4）In the end, the author turned things around

.
A.by redoing his task
B.through his own efforts
C.with the help of his grandfather
D.under the guidance of his headmaster

更新：2021/07/09 组卷：0 难度：0.60

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Dear daughter,
Most parents tell their children,"You can be anything you want when you grow up." I feel the same and I say this often. But I also want you to understand that realizing your dreams comes from hard work,some good luck and good timing.
Here are some words of wisdom for you as you make your way in the world,from an entrepreneur（企业家） and from your mama.
1.Be openminded to changing your path along the way
In high school,I wanted to be a politician. I left my hometown and went off to college in Washington D.C.There, I discovered that I loved to support women. It taught me that I'm creative, a strong leader and great at marketing. As a result, I moved on to be the head of a national healthcare nonprofit. Becoming a mother while in that job opened my mind to launching a breast pump bag （储奶袋） business. Now I run a highly successful company that I started up on my own. I'm not a politician!
2.Failure is critical to your success
Failure can be heartbreaking. But I will tell you that every failure I've had along the way has absolutely made me better.
Failing the big math exam in high school and going to summer school was embarrassing. I eventually passed, and I've never failed an exam again. I learned from that experience to ask for help. Now,I ask for help in business all the time.
I'm proud to be a role model to you as a mom and an entrepreneur. I hope I inspire you to believe that you can be anything you want. It will be my pleasure to watch your lives unfold before my eyes.
Love,
Your mom（1）In the writer's opinion, what does it take to realize one's dream？

A.Failure, hard work and good timing.
B.An open mind, failure and hard work.
C.Hard work, good luck and good timing.
D.A good dream, an open mind and hard work.
（2）What did the writer learn from her failure？

A.Failure can make us embarrassed.
B.We shouldn't get angry when we fail.
C.Don't care too much about your failure.
D.It's important to turn to others for help.
（3）Which of the following words best describe the writer？

A.Political and proud.
B.Caring and cautious.
C.Modest and unlucky.
D.Flexible and successful.

更新：2021/07/09 组卷：0 难度：0.60

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One of the biggest complaints I hear from people is that their friends just aren't there for them. More than that, sometimes friends are downright rude or even mean. You can't change people, but you can surround yourself with more positive people. Here are some benefits that spending time with positive friends can provide.
With positive friends, you don't need to beg for help when you need it, because chances are that they will be there for you without your begging. Positive individuals want others to be happy,and will go out of their way to help you when you're feeling down. As About.com's Guide to Stress states, "Ideal friendships provide support when you're down, fun when you're up, wisdom when you're lost."
Compare that to toxic friends, who might snipe at you or even laugh at you behind your back. Those people celebrate the downfall of others, and as a result you'll end up feeling worse about yourself or the situation you're dealing with. Friends of this kind will add to whatever amount of stress you are feeling.Your positive friends will not only help you recover from negative hits you take in life, but they will also inspire you to be the best you can be. For example, perhaps you always want to be a writer. The negative people in your life will probably tell you all the reasons why you won't succeed. Maybe you have already gone over the reasons why you might fail and this is what has prevented you from trying. But with positive people in your life, you'll feel more comfortable sharing these types of goals because your friends will give you the emotional push you need to go after what you want in life.
You naturally attract the kinds of friends who are most like you. So if you're a downer, you'll probably find that negative people come to you. The same is true for being positive. The more you are able to maintain a positive attitude, the more like-minded people you'll attract in return.

（1）Why does the writer mention the statement of About.com's Guide to Stress？

A.To prove the importance of friendships.
B.To explain what a friend indeed is.
C.To compare different friendships.
D.To show all may face difficulties.
（2）What are toxic friends like？

A.They can be made use of.
B.They laugh and cry with you.
C.They celebrate your successes.
D.They make you more stressed.
（3）What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean？

A.It is true that everyone can be positive in life.
B.The negative people don't like the positive ones.
C.If you are positive, you'll attract positive friends.
D.The positive people would like to stay with everyone.

更新：2021/07/09 组卷：0 难度：0.60

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（2020•杭州模拟）假定你是李华，你校将于下周五举办跳绳（skipping rope）比赛．请用英语给你校英国交换生Steven写一封电子邮件，邀请他参加，内容包括：
1．时间和地点；
2．目的和形式；
3．设置的奖项．
注意：
1．词数80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数．
Dear Steven,
_________
Yours,
Li Hua

更新：2021/07/13 组卷：0 难度：0.50

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（2020春•龙凤区校级月考） The Inferno is the oldest and most celebrated of all amateur ski races. It （1）

（hold） every January, near MÜrren in Switzerland. Anyone can take part, as long as they belong to （2）

ski racing club.
The Inferno was the （3）

（invent） of a British businessman called Henry Lunn, who came up with the idea of the package holiday in the early 1900s and （4）

（begin） taking groups of people to the Alps for winter sports. Henry's son, Arnold, grew very fond of MÜrren and he founded a ski club there in 1924． Four years later, seventeen of the club's members took part in the first Inferno race,（5）

the top of the 2，970-metre Schilthorn mountain to MÜrren below.
In those early days, they used （6）

（climb） for six hours from the railway station in MÜrren before the start of the race. Today, （7）

（racer） use a cable car （缆车） which takes about twenty minutes. In the first race, the winning time for the fourteen-kilometre race was one hour, twelve minutes. These days it tends to be almost （8）

（exact） an hour. Although the skiers are very much faster now, some things haven't changed. The course,（9）

is steep （陡峭的） and has sharp bends （急转弯）， remains one of the most （10）

（demand） and frightening in the world.

更新：2021/07/13 组卷：0 难度：0.50

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（2021•石门县校级模拟） Yu Rong, a Chinese artist, thinks of a new way to introduce （1）

ancient story of Hua Mulan in her picture book. In the book, I Am Hua Mulan, she tells the story by（2）

（combine） paper-cutting with international artistic styles. She places Shaanxi paper-cuts over western-style pencil sketches（素描）（3）

（create） a typical presentation of Chinese elements （元素），which turns out to be a （4）

（success） and impressive breakthrough.
Hua Mulan,（5）

story has been told by generations in China, is a fighter from the Northern Wei Dynasty（386-534）． As a devoted daughter, she dressed herself as a man to serve in the army （6）

place of her father. Mulan's characteristics, such as courage, kindness and a disinterested attitude toward fame and fortune, made（7）

（she） one of the most respected historical Chinese heroines. Mulan's story has been adapted（8）

（ frequent） in modern media, including TV shows, video games and literature. For example, in 1998， Disney produced a film named Mulan, which （9）

（consider） a great success by critics and the public.
To better tell the story, Yu Rong takes inspiration from her several （10）

（visit） to sites of ancient battles and Henan province's Yuju Opera. After years of preparation she finally makes this extraordinary work.

更新：2021/07/13 组卷：0 难度：0.70

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Nature is the best laboratory for learning about nature. For ten years, every student at Wadsworth Middle School has been looking forward to his or her turn to attend a three-day science camp. （1）

Science camp is important to the students, and we must raise the money necessary to save it.
Without science camp,students will miss out on a unique learning experience. In science class,they learn to identify rocks by picking them up out of a box.（2）

Science camp also lets students experiment with different forms of energy. For example, students get to build miniature（微型的）steam engines that are powered by campfires. They also make solar panels that heat camp water. These experiences would be tough to create in a classroom.
Science camp is for everybody, and it won't be saved unless everybody helps raise money for it. To get started, Principal Jeffries and the student council could set up a "science camp fund（资金）" at a local bank. Every year, science camp costs ＄3，000. （3）

Some people say it's too much work to save science camp,but the fact is that if we all help out,we can reach our goal easily. （4）

For example,we could hold a talent auction（拍卖）. By washing cars, babysitting, or using other talents, students can meet the goal. We could also hold a bake sale. Students could even ask local businesses to sponsor them.
（5）

If we all work together, we'll easily raise the money to save it.

A.Students can raise money in many ways.
B.Now it might be canceled because of budget cuts.
C.They investigate the world through hands-on science.
D.Science camp is perfect for creative and curious ones.
E.Science camp is a great tradition that deserves to be saved.
F.That sounds expensive, but if every student raises just ＄10， the fund would be filled.
G.At science camp, they learn to identify rocks by finding them in mountain sides or river beds.

更新：2021/07/13 组卷：0 难度：0.60

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Many people felt it strange that Tom went to the party without

（invite）．

更新：2021/07/13 组卷：0 难度：0.70

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Five hours later, they finally

.
五小时之后，他们终于做出了决定。

更新：2021/07/13 组卷：0 难度：0.70

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北师大版（2019）：高二上